Difference between revisions of "Gourd"
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| − | + | Gourd is a 2 quad-CPU server in a 2U rackmount chassis put together nicely by Microway. It arrived at UNH on 11/24/2009. The system has an Areca [[RAID]] card with ethernet port and an IPMI card with ethernet port. The motherboard is from Super Micro. | |
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| − | + | This is the page for the new Gourd Hardware. The old Gourd is described [[old gourd|here]]. | |
| − | + | Gourd now hosts [[Einstein]] as a VM. The previous einstein hardware is described [[old einstein|here]] | |
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| − | + | [[Image:gourds.jpg|thumb|200px|Gourds]] | |
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| − | + | =Hardware Details= | |
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| − | + | *Microway 2U Storage Chassis with 8 SAS/SATA-II Hot-Swap Drive Bays with SAS Backplane | |
| − | + | *500W Redundant Hot-Swap Power Supply (2) | |
| − | + | *Navion-S Dual Opteron PCI-Express Motherboard (H8DME-2); | |
| − | + | *Two AMD "Shanghai" 2.4 GHz Quad Core Opteron 2378 (Socket F) Processors | |
| − | + | *(8) 4GB DDR2 800 MHz ECC/Registered Memory (32GB Total Memory @ 533MHz) | |
| − | + | *Dual Integrated Gigabit Ethernet Ports; = "Nvidia" ethernet. | |
| − | + | *Integrated ATI ES1000 Graphics; | |
| − | + | *Six Integrated SATA-II Ports; | |
| − | + | *Two x8 PCI Express slots; | |
| − | + | *Two 64-bit 133/100MHz PCI-X slots; | |
| − | + | *Two 64-bit 100MHz PCI-X slots; | |
| − | + | *Up to 6 USB 1.1/2.0 ports (2 on rear); | |
| − | + | *PS/2 Mouse & Keyboard connectors; | |
| − | + | *Areca ARC-1220 8-Port SATA II Raid (256MB) (reports as 1680) - Low Profile PCI Express x8 at 10.0.0.152 | |
| − | + | *SuperMicro AOC-SIM1U IPMI card. | |
| − | + | *Sony Slim CD/DVD 24x Black (IDE) | |
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| − | + | = Setup = | |
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| − | + | Details of Gourd [[Upgrading to Centos 7]] | |
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| − | + | = Network Settings = | |
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| − | == | ||
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| − | + | In Centos 7 there is an issue with the drivers for the Nvidia ethernet, which was previously provided through the forcedeth driver. The forcedeth driver which is disabled in the CentOS 7 | |
| − | + | kernel. You can use the kmod-forcedeth driver from elrepo.org: | |
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| − | + | http://elrepo.org/linux/elrepo/el7/x86_64/RPMS/kmod-forcedeth-0.64-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.rpm | |
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| − | + | The new udev renaming scheme calls eth0 or FARM network = enp0s8, and eth1 or UNH network=enp0s9 | |
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| − | + | * IP address UNH: 132.177.88.75 (enp0s9) | |
| − | + | * IP address Farm: 10.0.0.252 (enp0s8) | |
| − | + | * IP address RAID: 10.0.0.152 | |
| − | + | * IP address IPMI: 10.0.0.151 | |
| − | + | =Software and Services= | |
| − | + | This section contains details about the services and software on Gourd and information about their configurations. | |
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| − | + | == Software RAID == | |
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| − | + | Gourd has a (somewhat simpler) ARECA RAID card. The / system and /scratch are on a RAID created by the card. This was NOT chosen for /home and /mail. Instead /home and /mail are on a software Raid, so that if these services ever need to be moved to other hardware, there is no issues with incompatibility due to Raid card. | |
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| − | + | The config can be found from /etc/mdadm.conf (least reliable!), but better from /proc/mdstat or mdadm --detail --scan, mdadm --detail /dev/md0 | |
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| − | + | The drives are passthrough drives on the ARECA card. The association between passthrough drive and device name is established by looking at the SCSI channel number (web interface of the ARECA card) and the Linux /sys: | |
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| − | + | ls -l /sys/bus/scsi/drivers/sd/0\:0\:0\:0/ | |
| − | + | lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 May 19 21:38 block:sda -> ../../../../../../../block/sda/ | |
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| − | + | for each of the 0:0:0:x scsi channels. | |
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| − | + | * '''See More about the disks below''' | |
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| − | + | ==NFS Shares== | |
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| − | + | Gourd serves two volumes over [[NFS]] | |
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| − | + | '''Home folders''': /home on Gourd contains home directories for all npg users. The NFS share is accessible to all hosts in the servers, npg_clients and dept_clients Netgroup lists, and to all 10.0.0.0/24 (server room backend) hosts. | |
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| − | + | '''Mail''': To reduce the size of the size of the Einstein VM the /mail directory on Gourd stores mail for all npg users. The nfs share is accessible only to Einstein and is mounted in /var/spool/mail on Einstein. | |
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| − | + | ===/etc/exports=== | |
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| − | ## | + | # Share home folders (copied from old Einstein) |
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| + | /home \ | ||
| + | @servers(rw,sync) \ | ||
| + | @npg_clients(rw,sync) \ | ||
| + | @dept_clients(rw,sync) \ | ||
| + | 10.0.0.0/24(rw,no_root_squash,sync) | ||
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| + | # Share /mail with Einstein | ||
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| + | /mail \ | ||
| + | 132.177.88.52(rw,sync) \ | ||
| + | 10.0.0.248(rw,no_root_squash,sync) | ||
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| − | + | == IPTables == | |
| − | + | Note that Centos 7 (i.e. RHEL 7) comes standard with "firewalld". Not wanting to bother with "yet another config system for firewalls (tm)", this was disabled in favor of good old iptables, which is the underlaying system anyway. This policy may change int he future. | |
| − | + | (To disable firewalld: "systemctl stop firewalld ; systemctl mask firewalld'. To setup iptables: "yum install iptables-services; systemctl enable iptables", and then of course, configure the tables.) | |
| + | Gourd uses the standard NPG [[iptables]] firewall (actually, I copied the endeavour version, with blacklist.) . Gourd allows ssh, svn, icmp, portmap and nfs. | ||
| − | + | A quick, nice tutorial on systemd iptables is here: https://community.rackspace.com/products/f/25/t/4504 | |
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| − | + | ==Subversion== | |
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| − | + | Gourd our subversion code repositories stored in /home/svn/. The subversion service runs under xinetd. Its configuration is located in /etc/xinetd.d/svn | |
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| − | + | ===/etc/xinetd.d/svn=== | |
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| − | + | service svn | |
| + | { | ||
| + | port = 3690 | ||
| + | socket_type = stream | ||
| + | protocol = tcp | ||
| + | wait = no | ||
| + | user = svn | ||
| + | server = /usr/bin/svnserve | ||
| + | server_args = -i -r /home/svn | ||
| + | disable = no | ||
| + | } | ||
| − | + | ==VMWare== | |
| + | <s>Gourd is running [[VMWare]] Server version 2.0.2. It acts as our primary virtualization server. it is accessible at https://gourd.unh.edu:8333/ or from localhost:8222 if you're logged in or port forwarding from Gourd over SSH.</s> | ||
| − | + | As of 6/9/2012 Gourd no longer runs VMWare!!!! We use KVM now. | |
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| + | == KVM == | ||
| − | + | ===Guest VMs on Gourd=== | |
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| − | + | *[[Einstein]] - [[LDAP]] authentication and [[E-mail]] | |
| − | + | *[[Roentgen]] - Websites and [[MySQL]] | |
| − | + | *[[Jalapeno]] - [[DNS]] and [[Printing]] | |
| − | + | == UPS Configuration == | |
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| − | + | Gourd is connected to the APC SmartUPS 2200XL. It uses the apcupsd service to monitor the UPS. Use the following command (with sudo, or as root) to see a detailed list of information about the status of the UPS, including battery charge and current load. | |
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| − | + | service apcupsd status | |
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| + | ===Shutdown Script=== | ||
| + | apcupsd allows us to do some other useful things, for example it runs the script /etc/apcupsd/shutdown2 which monitors the current battery charge and shuts down certain non-critical systems at specific points to extend battery life. First, when the battery reaches 50% it shuts down [[taro]], [[pumpkin]], [[tomato]], and [[roentgen]]. Later, when battery is at 5% it shuts down the remaining virtual machines, [[einstein]] and [[jalapeno]]. Shutting down einstein and jalapeno at 5% battery isn't meant to save battery, instead this is designed so that these machines have a chance to shut down normally before the battery backup is completely exhausted. The contents of the script can be viewed [[shutdown2|here]]. | ||
| − | + | ====SSH Keys==== | |
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| − | + | In order to issue remote shutdown commands to other machines gourd needs to issue a command over an ssh connection without a password. It uses an rsa key for this purpose (/root/.ssh/shutdown_id_rsa) and each machine is configured to allow gourd to use this key to issue a remote shutdown command. This key can't be used for shell logins or any other commands. | |
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| − | + | The official Site and Manual | |
| − | + | [http://apcupsd.org/ Official Site] | |
| + | [http://nuclear.unh.edu/wiki/pdfs/apcupsd-manual.pdf User Manual] | ||
| − | + | = Disks and Raid Configuration = | |
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| + | The disks is something that ''should not change'', but alas sometimes it does. Here are the investigation steps to figure out the, probably over complicated, disk setup. | ||
| − | + | === Step 1: Hardware === | |
| + | '''Areca RAID Card:''' The hardware raid setup is found by visiting 10.0.0.152 (port 80) with a chrome browser, using admin and Tq....ab password. | ||
| − | + | '''Disks and Raid configuration''' | |
| − | + | {| style="wikitable;" border="1" | |
| − | + | ! Drive Bay !! Disk Size !! Usage !! Model | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | | 1 || 750.2 GB || System/Scratch || WDC WD7500AAKS-00RBA0 | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | | 2 || 2 TB || Pass Through || ST2000DM001-1ER164 | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | | 3 || 1 TB || Hot Spare || ST31000340NS | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | | 4 || 750.2 GB || Pass Through || ST3750640AS | |
| − | + | |- | |
| + | | 5 || 2 TB || Pass Through || ST2000DM001-1ER164 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 6 || Empty || None || None | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 7 || 500.1 GB || Pass Through || WDC WD5000AAKS-00TMA0 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 8 || 750.2 GB || System/Scratch || WDC WD7500AAKS-00RBA0 | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | <br/> | ||
| − | # | + | '''Volume Set and Partition configuration''' |
| − | + | {| style="wikitable;" border="1" | |
| − | # | + | ! Raid set!! Devices !! Volume set !! Volume size !! Partitions |
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Raid Set #000 || Slot2 || 0/0/3 || 2000.4 GB || ???? | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | System/Scratcy || Slot1 + Slot8) || 0/0/0 (System: Raid1) || 250.1 GB || ????? | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | || || 0/0/1 (www: Raid1) || 100.0 GB || ????? | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | || || 0/0/2 (scratch: Raid1) || 399.9 GB || ????? | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Raid Set #002 || Slot 4 || 0/0/4 || 750.2 GB || ???? | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Raid Set #003|| Slot 5 || 0/0/5 || 2000.4 GB || ????? | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Raid Set #005 || Slot 7 || 0/0/7 || 500.1 GB || ???? | ||
| + | |} | ||
| − | + | To see how the volume set maps on the host, you can look at "cat /proc/scsi/scsi" which will list the SCSI devices on the system. This confirms that Channel 0, Id: 0, Lun: 0, is indeed "System". Each "run" is mapped to a /dev/s** device. So, /0/0/0/ (System, RAID1) is mapped to /dev/sda, which is divided into 3 partitions: /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, /dev/sda3, /dev/sda4. | |
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| − | + | To confuse things, further, in the case of /dev/sda, /dev/sda2 and /dev/sda4 are "lvm", so these are part of a logical volume. The advantage of logical volume is that they can be resized and changed on a live, running system. The disadvantage is that there is quite a bit of additional complexity. More on this below. | |
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| + | === Step 2: Logical Volumes and Hardware Mapping === | ||
| + | In modern Linux, the hardware is often mapped, so you need to investigate what piece of hardware ends up to what device. Also, logical volumes are often used to add flexibility. | ||
| + | For details on device mapping see: (https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/logical_volume_manager_administration/device_mapper) | ||
| − | + | The command: "dmsetup info" will show the mapped devices. Each device shows up in /dev/mapper. | |
| + | For LVM, you have several layers. The physical (i.e. disks), the group, and the layer. | ||
| − | + | Display the physical disks in use with "pvdisplay" or "pvs". Currently Gourd has 2 physical disks used for LVM: /dev/sda2 (30GB) and /dev/sda4 (140GB). Each disk is used for the same "centos" volume group. | |
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| − | + | Display the volume groups with "vgdisplay". There is one "centos", with a VGsize of 167.55 GiB. | |
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| − | + | Display the logical volumes with "lvdisplay" or "lvs". There are currently 3: | |
| − | + | LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert | |
| + | root centos -wi-ao---- 50.00g | ||
| + | swap centos -wi-ao---- 15.75g | ||
| + | tmp centos -wi-ao---- 5.00g | ||
| − | + | Each of these logical volumes shows up in /dev/mapper as centos-root centos-swap and centos-tmp. | |
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| − | + | See more at: (https://srobb.net/lvm.htm)l and for growing the filesystem: (https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/logical_volume_manager_administration/lv_extend) | |
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| − | + | = OLD DISK SETUP = | |
| − | + | This was the post-migration Gourd disk setup (as of 03/01/10). | |
| − | + | '''Disks and Raid configuration''' | |
| + | {| style="wikitable;" border="1" | ||
| + | ! Drive Bay !! Disk Size !! Raid Set !! Raid level | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1 || 750 GB ||rowspan="2"| System/Scratch ||rowspan="2"| Raid1 + Raid0 | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 2 || 750 GB | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 3 || 750 GB || Software RAID || Pass Through | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 4 || 750 GB || Software RAID || Pass Through | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 5 || Empty || None || None | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 6 || Empty || None || None | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 7 || 750 GB || Hot Swap || None | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 8 || 750 GB || Hot Swap || None | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | <br/> | ||
| − | + | '''Volume Set and Partition configuration''' | |
| − | + | {| style="wikitable;" border="1" | |
| − | + | ! Raid set!! Volume set !! Volume size !! Partitions | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | | Set 1 || System(Raid1) || 250 GB || System: (/, /boot, /var, /tmp, /swap, /usr, /data ) | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | | Set 2 || Scratch(Raid0) || 1000GB || Scratch space (/scratch) | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | | /dev/md0 || sdc1 & sdb1 || 500 GB || Home Dirs: /home | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | | /dev/md1 || sdc2 & sdd2 || 100 GB || Mail: /mail | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | | /dev/md2 || sdc3 & sdd3 || 150 GB || Virtual Machines: /vmware | |
| − | + | |} | |
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Latest revision as of 18:11, 9 July 2020
Gourd is a 2 quad-CPU server in a 2U rackmount chassis put together nicely by Microway. It arrived at UNH on 11/24/2009. The system has an Areca RAID card with ethernet port and an IPMI card with ethernet port. The motherboard is from Super Micro.
This is the page for the new Gourd Hardware. The old Gourd is described here.
Gourd now hosts Einstein as a VM. The previous einstein hardware is described here
Hardware Details
- Microway 2U Storage Chassis with 8 SAS/SATA-II Hot-Swap Drive Bays with SAS Backplane
- 500W Redundant Hot-Swap Power Supply (2)
- Navion-S Dual Opteron PCI-Express Motherboard (H8DME-2);
- Two AMD "Shanghai" 2.4 GHz Quad Core Opteron 2378 (Socket F) Processors
- (8) 4GB DDR2 800 MHz ECC/Registered Memory (32GB Total Memory @ 533MHz)
- Dual Integrated Gigabit Ethernet Ports; = "Nvidia" ethernet.
- Integrated ATI ES1000 Graphics;
- Six Integrated SATA-II Ports;
- Two x8 PCI Express slots;
- Two 64-bit 133/100MHz PCI-X slots;
- Two 64-bit 100MHz PCI-X slots;
- Up to 6 USB 1.1/2.0 ports (2 on rear);
- PS/2 Mouse & Keyboard connectors;
- Areca ARC-1220 8-Port SATA II Raid (256MB) (reports as 1680) - Low Profile PCI Express x8 at 10.0.0.152
- SuperMicro AOC-SIM1U IPMI card.
- Sony Slim CD/DVD 24x Black (IDE)
Setup
Details of Gourd Upgrading to Centos 7
Network Settings
In Centos 7 there is an issue with the drivers for the Nvidia ethernet, which was previously provided through the forcedeth driver. The forcedeth driver which is disabled in the CentOS 7 kernel. You can use the kmod-forcedeth driver from elrepo.org:
http://elrepo.org/linux/elrepo/el7/x86_64/RPMS/kmod-forcedeth-0.64-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.rpm
The new udev renaming scheme calls eth0 or FARM network = enp0s8, and eth1 or UNH network=enp0s9
- IP address UNH: 132.177.88.75 (enp0s9)
- IP address Farm: 10.0.0.252 (enp0s8)
- IP address RAID: 10.0.0.152
- IP address IPMI: 10.0.0.151
Software and Services
This section contains details about the services and software on Gourd and information about their configurations.
Software RAID
Gourd has a (somewhat simpler) ARECA RAID card. The / system and /scratch are on a RAID created by the card. This was NOT chosen for /home and /mail. Instead /home and /mail are on a software Raid, so that if these services ever need to be moved to other hardware, there is no issues with incompatibility due to Raid card.
The config can be found from /etc/mdadm.conf (least reliable!), but better from /proc/mdstat or mdadm --detail --scan, mdadm --detail /dev/md0
The drives are passthrough drives on the ARECA card. The association between passthrough drive and device name is established by looking at the SCSI channel number (web interface of the ARECA card) and the Linux /sys:
ls -l /sys/bus/scsi/drivers/sd/0\:0\:0\:0/ lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 May 19 21:38 block:sda -> ../../../../../../../block/sda/
for each of the 0:0:0:x scsi channels.
- See More about the disks below
Gourd serves two volumes over NFS
Home folders: /home on Gourd contains home directories for all npg users. The NFS share is accessible to all hosts in the servers, npg_clients and dept_clients Netgroup lists, and to all 10.0.0.0/24 (server room backend) hosts.
Mail: To reduce the size of the size of the Einstein VM the /mail directory on Gourd stores mail for all npg users. The nfs share is accessible only to Einstein and is mounted in /var/spool/mail on Einstein.
/etc/exports
# Share home folders (copied from old Einstein)
/home \
@servers(rw,sync) \
@npg_clients(rw,sync) \
@dept_clients(rw,sync) \
10.0.0.0/24(rw,no_root_squash,sync)
# Share /mail with Einstein
/mail \
132.177.88.52(rw,sync) \
10.0.0.248(rw,no_root_squash,sync)
IPTables
Note that Centos 7 (i.e. RHEL 7) comes standard with "firewalld". Not wanting to bother with "yet another config system for firewalls (tm)", this was disabled in favor of good old iptables, which is the underlaying system anyway. This policy may change int he future. (To disable firewalld: "systemctl stop firewalld ; systemctl mask firewalld'. To setup iptables: "yum install iptables-services; systemctl enable iptables", and then of course, configure the tables.) Gourd uses the standard NPG iptables firewall (actually, I copied the endeavour version, with blacklist.) . Gourd allows ssh, svn, icmp, portmap and nfs.
A quick, nice tutorial on systemd iptables is here: https://community.rackspace.com/products/f/25/t/4504
Subversion
Gourd our subversion code repositories stored in /home/svn/. The subversion service runs under xinetd. Its configuration is located in /etc/xinetd.d/svn
/etc/xinetd.d/svn
service svn
{
port = 3690
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
wait = no
user = svn
server = /usr/bin/svnserve
server_args = -i -r /home/svn
disable = no
}
VMWare
Gourd is running VMWare Server version 2.0.2. It acts as our primary virtualization server. it is accessible at https://gourd.unh.edu:8333/ or from localhost:8222 if you're logged in or port forwarding from Gourd over SSH.
As of 6/9/2012 Gourd no longer runs VMWare!!!! We use KVM now.
KVM
Guest VMs on Gourd
UPS Configuration
Gourd is connected to the APC SmartUPS 2200XL. It uses the apcupsd service to monitor the UPS. Use the following command (with sudo, or as root) to see a detailed list of information about the status of the UPS, including battery charge and current load.
service apcupsd status
Shutdown Script
apcupsd allows us to do some other useful things, for example it runs the script /etc/apcupsd/shutdown2 which monitors the current battery charge and shuts down certain non-critical systems at specific points to extend battery life. First, when the battery reaches 50% it shuts down taro, pumpkin, tomato, and roentgen. Later, when battery is at 5% it shuts down the remaining virtual machines, einstein and jalapeno. Shutting down einstein and jalapeno at 5% battery isn't meant to save battery, instead this is designed so that these machines have a chance to shut down normally before the battery backup is completely exhausted. The contents of the script can be viewed here.
SSH Keys
In order to issue remote shutdown commands to other machines gourd needs to issue a command over an ssh connection without a password. It uses an rsa key for this purpose (/root/.ssh/shutdown_id_rsa) and each machine is configured to allow gourd to use this key to issue a remote shutdown command. This key can't be used for shell logins or any other commands.
The official Site and Manual
Official Site User Manual
Disks and Raid Configuration
The disks is something that should not change, but alas sometimes it does. Here are the investigation steps to figure out the, probably over complicated, disk setup.
Step 1: Hardware
Areca RAID Card: The hardware raid setup is found by visiting 10.0.0.152 (port 80) with a chrome browser, using admin and Tq....ab password.
Disks and Raid configuration
| Drive Bay | Disk Size | Usage | Model |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 750.2 GB | System/Scratch | WDC WD7500AAKS-00RBA0 |
| 2 | 2 TB | Pass Through | ST2000DM001-1ER164 |
| 3 | 1 TB | Hot Spare | ST31000340NS |
| 4 | 750.2 GB | Pass Through | ST3750640AS |
| 5 | 2 TB | Pass Through | ST2000DM001-1ER164 |
| 6 | Empty | None | None |
| 7 | 500.1 GB | Pass Through | WDC WD5000AAKS-00TMA0 |
| 8 | 750.2 GB | System/Scratch | WDC WD7500AAKS-00RBA0 |
Volume Set and Partition configuration
| Raid set | Devices | Volume set | Volume size | Partitions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raid Set #000 | Slot2 | 0/0/3 | 2000.4 GB | ???? |
| System/Scratcy | Slot1 + Slot8) | 0/0/0 (System: Raid1) | 250.1 GB | ????? |
| 0/0/1 (www: Raid1) | 100.0 GB | ????? | ||
| 0/0/2 (scratch: Raid1) | 399.9 GB | ????? | ||
| Raid Set #002 | Slot 4 | 0/0/4 | 750.2 GB | ???? |
| Raid Set #003 | Slot 5 | 0/0/5 | 2000.4 GB | ????? |
| Raid Set #005 | Slot 7 | 0/0/7 | 500.1 GB | ???? |
To see how the volume set maps on the host, you can look at "cat /proc/scsi/scsi" which will list the SCSI devices on the system. This confirms that Channel 0, Id: 0, Lun: 0, is indeed "System". Each "run" is mapped to a /dev/s** device. So, /0/0/0/ (System, RAID1) is mapped to /dev/sda, which is divided into 3 partitions: /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, /dev/sda3, /dev/sda4.
To confuse things, further, in the case of /dev/sda, /dev/sda2 and /dev/sda4 are "lvm", so these are part of a logical volume. The advantage of logical volume is that they can be resized and changed on a live, running system. The disadvantage is that there is quite a bit of additional complexity. More on this below.
Step 2: Logical Volumes and Hardware Mapping
In modern Linux, the hardware is often mapped, so you need to investigate what piece of hardware ends up to what device. Also, logical volumes are often used to add flexibility. For details on device mapping see: (https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/7/html/logical_volume_manager_administration/device_mapper)
The command: "dmsetup info" will show the mapped devices. Each device shows up in /dev/mapper.
For LVM, you have several layers. The physical (i.e. disks), the group, and the layer.
Display the physical disks in use with "pvdisplay" or "pvs". Currently Gourd has 2 physical disks used for LVM: /dev/sda2 (30GB) and /dev/sda4 (140GB). Each disk is used for the same "centos" volume group.
Display the volume groups with "vgdisplay". There is one "centos", with a VGsize of 167.55 GiB.
Display the logical volumes with "lvdisplay" or "lvs". There are currently 3:
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert root centos -wi-ao---- 50.00g swap centos -wi-ao---- 15.75g tmp centos -wi-ao---- 5.00g
Each of these logical volumes shows up in /dev/mapper as centos-root centos-swap and centos-tmp.
See more at: (https://srobb.net/lvm.htm)l and for growing the filesystem: (https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/logical_volume_manager_administration/lv_extend)
OLD DISK SETUP
This was the post-migration Gourd disk setup (as of 03/01/10).
Disks and Raid configuration
| Drive Bay | Disk Size | Raid Set | Raid level |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 750 GB | System/Scratch | Raid1 + Raid0 |
| 2 | 750 GB | ||
| 3 | 750 GB | Software RAID | Pass Through |
| 4 | 750 GB | Software RAID | Pass Through |
| 5 | Empty | None | None |
| 6 | Empty | None | None |
| 7 | 750 GB | Hot Swap | None |
| 8 | 750 GB | Hot Swap | None |
Volume Set and Partition configuration
| Raid set | Volume set | Volume size | Partitions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Set 1 | System(Raid1) | 250 GB | System: (/, /boot, /var, /tmp, /swap, /usr, /data ) |
| Set 2 | Scratch(Raid0) | 1000GB | Scratch space (/scratch) |
| /dev/md0 | sdc1 & sdb1 | 500 GB | Home Dirs: /home |
| /dev/md1 | sdc2 & sdd2 | 100 GB | Mail: /mail |
| /dev/md2 | sdc3 & sdd3 | 150 GB | Virtual Machines: /vmware |
